drivers: i2c: stm32: add timeout to avoid infinite loop

Fix issue where STM32 I2C LL driver could block forever when SDA and SCL
are shorted and interrupts are disabled (CONFIG_I2C_STM32_INTERRUPT=n).

Added timeouts to all blocking wait loops in the STM32 LL I2C driver to
avoid indefinite blocking.

Fixes #88506

Signed-off-by: Jean Nanchen <jean.nanchen@hevs.ch>
(cherry picked from commit 2066b8c7)