tests/kernel/common: Add rigorous integer typing test

Zephyr code routinely assumes conventional ILP32/LP64 integer
behavior, and occasionally relies on it to perform some nice tricks.
This is despite the fact that this behavior (while pervasively adopted
and in use on all architectures we care about supporting) isn't
actually guaranteed by the language standard which allows much looser
semantics than actual exist on hardware.

Put it into the intmath section of this test as a build time thing.

Signed-off-by: Andy Ross <andrew.j.ross@intel.com>