drivers: spi: Implement workaround for unreliable busy flag

For some STM32 MCUs the busy flag of SPI is unreliable. This is a known
issue of the device and described in the device errata.
As a fix implement a configurable timeout which ensures that a call
to spi_transceive will eventually return.
Fixes #64927

Signed-off-by: Benedikt Schmidt <benedikt.schmidt@embedded-solutions.at>