Documentation: rw_lock lessons learned

SPIN_LOCK_UNLOCKED and RW_LOCK_UNLOCKED defeat lockdep state tracking and

are hence deprecated.

Lesson 1: Spin locks

Please use DEFINE_SPINLOCK()/DEFINE_RWLOCK() or

__SPIN_LOCK_UNLOCKED()/__RW_LOCK_UNLOCKED() as appropriate for static

initialization.

Most of the time, you can simply turn:

	static spinlock_t xxx_lock = SPIN_LOCK_UNLOCKED;

into:

The most basic primitive for locking is spinlock.

static DEFINE_SPINLOCK(xxx_lock);

Static structure member variables go from:

	struct foo bar {

		.lock	=	SPIN_LOCK_UNLOCKED;

	};

to:

	struct foo bar {

		.lock	=	__SPIN_LOCK_UNLOCKED(bar.lock);

	};

Declaration of static rw_locks undergo a similar transformation.

Dynamic initialization, when necessary, may be performed as

demonstrated below.

   spinlock_t xxx_lock;

   rwlock_t xxx_rw_lock;

   static int __init xxx_init(void)

   {

   	spin_lock_init(&xxx_lock);

	rwlock_init(&xxx_rw_lock);

	...

   }

   module_init(xxx_init);

The following discussion is still valid, however, with the dynamic

initialization of spinlocks or with DEFINE_SPINLOCK, etc., used

instead of SPIN_LOCK_UNLOCKED.

-----------------------

On Fri, 2 Jan 1998, Doug Ledford wrote:

> 

> I'm working on making the aic7xxx driver more SMP friendly (as well as

> importing the latest FreeBSD sequencer code to have 7895 support) and wanted

> to get some info from you.  The goal here is to make the various routines

> SMP safe as well as UP safe during interrupts and other manipulating

> routines.  So far, I've added a spin_lock variable to things like my queue

> structs.  Now, from what I recall, there are some spin lock functions I can

> use to lock these spin locks from other use as opposed to a (nasty)

> save_flags(); cli(); stuff; restore_flags(); construct.  Where do I find

> these routines and go about making use of them?  Do they only lock on a

> per-processor basis or can they also lock say an interrupt routine from

> mucking with a queue if the queue routine was manipulating it when the

> interrupt occurred, or should I still use a cli(); based construct on that

> one?

See <asm/spinlock.h>. The basic version is:

   spinlock_t xxx_lock = SPIN_LOCK_UNLOCKED;

	unsigned long flags;

	spin_lock_irqsave(&xxx_lock, flags);

	... critical section here ..

	spin_unlock_irqrestore(&xxx_lock, flags);

and the above is always safe. It will disable interrupts _locally_, but the

The above is always safe. It will disable interrupts _locally_, but the

spinlock itself will guarantee the global lock, so it will guarantee that

there is only one thread-of-control within the region(s) protected by that

lock. 

Note that it works well even under UP - the above sequence under UP

essentially is just the same as doing a

lock. This works well even under UP. The above sequence under UP

essentially is just the same as doing

	unsigned long flags;

so the code does _not_ need to worry about UP vs SMP issues: the spinlocks

work correctly under both (and spinlocks are actually more efficient on

architectures that allow doing the "save_flags + cli" in one go because I

don't export that interface normally).

architectures that allow doing the "save_flags + cli" in one operation).

   NOTE! Implications of spin_locks for memory are further described in:

NOTE NOTE NOTE! The reason the spinlock is so much faster than a global

interrupt lock under SMP is exactly because it disables interrupts only on

the local CPU. The spin-lock is safe only when you _also_ use the lock

itself to do locking across CPU's, which implies that EVERYTHING that

touches a shared variable has to agree about the spinlock they want to

use.

     Documentation/memory-barriers.txt

       (5) LOCK operations.

       (6) UNLOCK operations.

The above is usually pretty simple (you usually need and want only one

spinlock for most things - using more than one spinlock can make things a

The above is a problem mainly if you end up mixing code - for example the

routines in ll_rw_block() tend to use cli/sti to protect the atomicity of

their actions, and if a driver uses spinlocks instead then you should

think about issues like the above..

think about issues like the above.

This is really the only really hard part about spinlocks: once you start

using spinlocks they tend to expand to areas you might not have noticed

before, because you have to make sure the spinlocks correctly protect the

shared data structures _everywhere_ they are used. The spinlocks are most

easily added to places that are completely independent of other code (ie

internal driver data structures that nobody else ever touches, for

example). 

easily added to places that are completely independent of other code (for

example, internal driver data structures that nobody else ever touches).

   NOTE! The spin-lock is safe only when you _also_ use the lock itself

   to do locking across CPU's, which implies that EVERYTHING that

   touches a shared variable has to agree about the spinlock they want

   to use.

----

If your data accesses have a very natural pattern where you usually tend

to mostly read from the shared variables, the reader-writer locks

(rw_lock) versions of the spinlocks are often nicer. They allow multiple

(rw_lock) versions of the spinlocks are sometimes useful. They allow multiple

readers to be in the same critical region at once, but if somebody wants

to change the variables it has to get an exclusive write lock. The

routines look the same as above:

to change the variables it has to get an exclusive write lock.

   rwlock_t xxx_lock = RW_LOCK_UNLOCKED;

   NOTE! reader-writer locks require more atomic memory operations than

   simple spinlocks.  Unless the reader critical section is long, you

   are better off just using spinlocks.

The routines look the same as above:

   rwlock_t xxx_lock = RW_LOCK_UNLOCKED;

	unsigned long flags;

	.. read and write exclusive access to the info ...

	write_unlock_irqrestore(&xxx_lock, flags);

The above kind of lock is useful for complex data structures like linked

lists etc, especially when you know that most of the work is to just

traverse the list searching for entries without changing the list itself,

for example. Then you can use the read lock for that kind of list

traversal, which allows many concurrent readers. Anything that _changes_

the list will have to get the write lock. 

The above kind of lock may be useful for complex data structures like

linked lists, especially searching for entries without changing the list

itself.  The read lock allows many concurrent readers.  Anything that

_changes_ the list will have to get the write lock.

   NOTE! RCU is better for list traversal, but requires careful

   attention to design detail (see Documentation/RCU/listRCU.txt).

Note: you cannot "upgrade" a read-lock to a write-lock, so if you at _any_

Also, you cannot "upgrade" a read-lock to a write-lock, so if you at _any_

time need to do any changes (even if you don't do it every time), you have

to get the write-lock at the very beginning. I could fairly easily add a

primitive to create a "upgradeable" read-lock, but it hasn't been an issue

yet. Tell me if you'd want one. 

to get the write-lock at the very beginning.

   NOTE! We are working hard to remove reader-writer spinlocks in most

   cases, so please don't add a new one without consensus.  (Instead, see

   Documentation/RCU/rcu.txt for complete information.)

----

		Linus

----

Reference information:

For dynamic initialization, use spin_lock_init() or rwlock_init() as

appropriate:

   spinlock_t xxx_lock;

   rwlock_t xxx_rw_lock;

   static int __init xxx_init(void)

   {

	spin_lock_init(&xxx_lock);

	rwlock_init(&xxx_rw_lock);

	...

   }

   module_init(xxx_init);

For static initialization, use DEFINE_SPINLOCK() / DEFINE_RWLOCK() or

__SPIN_LOCK_UNLOCKED() / __RW_LOCK_UNLOCKED() as appropriate.

SPIN_LOCK_UNLOCKED and RW_LOCK_UNLOCKED are deprecated.  These interfere

with lockdep state tracking.

Most of the time, you can simply turn:

	static spinlock_t xxx_lock = SPIN_LOCK_UNLOCKED;

into:

	static DEFINE_SPINLOCK(xxx_lock);

Static structure member variables go from:

	struct foo bar {

		.lock	=	SPIN_LOCK_UNLOCKED;

	};

to:

	struct foo bar {

		.lock	=	__SPIN_LOCK_UNLOCKED(bar.lock);

	};

Declaration of static rw_locks undergo a similar transformation.