Commit d293d3af authored by Takashi Iwai's avatar Takashi Iwai Committed by Linus Torvalds
Browse files

ocfs2: use scnprintf() for avoiding potential buffer overflow



Since snprintf() returns the would-be-output size instead of the actual
output size, the succeeding calls may go beyond the given buffer limit.
Fix it by replacing with scnprintf().

Signed-off-by: default avatarTakashi Iwai <tiwai@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: default avatarAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Acked-by: default avatarJoseph Qi <joseph.qi@linux.alibaba.com>
Cc: Mark Fasheh <mark@fasheh.com>
Cc: Joel Becker <jlbec@evilplan.org>
Cc: Joseph Qi <jiangqi903@gmail.com>
Cc: Changwei Ge <gechangwei@live.cn>
Cc: Gang He <ghe@suse.com>
Cc: Jun Piao <piaojun@huawei.com>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20200311093516.25300-1-tiwai@suse.de


Signed-off-by: default avatarLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
parent 0434c9f4
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+5 −5
Original line number Diff line number Diff line
@@ -1307,7 +1307,7 @@ static int o2hb_debug_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file)

	case O2HB_DB_TYPE_REGION_NUMBER:
		reg = (struct o2hb_region *)db->db_data;
		out += snprintf(buf + out, PAGE_SIZE - out, "%d\n",
		out += scnprintf(buf + out, PAGE_SIZE - out, "%d\n",
				reg->hr_region_num);
		goto done;

@@ -1317,12 +1317,12 @@ static int o2hb_debug_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file)
		/* If 0, it has never been set before */
		if (lts)
			lts = jiffies_to_msecs(jiffies - lts);
		out += snprintf(buf + out, PAGE_SIZE - out, "%lu\n", lts);
		out += scnprintf(buf + out, PAGE_SIZE - out, "%lu\n", lts);
		goto done;

	case O2HB_DB_TYPE_REGION_PINNED:
		reg = (struct o2hb_region *)db->db_data;
		out += snprintf(buf + out, PAGE_SIZE - out, "%u\n",
		out += scnprintf(buf + out, PAGE_SIZE - out, "%u\n",
				!!reg->hr_item_pinned);
		goto done;

@@ -1331,8 +1331,8 @@ static int o2hb_debug_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file)
	}

	while ((i = find_next_bit(map, db->db_len, i + 1)) < db->db_len)
		out += snprintf(buf + out, PAGE_SIZE - out, "%d ", i);
	out += snprintf(buf + out, PAGE_SIZE - out, "\n");
		out += scnprintf(buf + out, PAGE_SIZE - out, "%d ", i);
	out += scnprintf(buf + out, PAGE_SIZE - out, "\n");

done:
	i_size_write(inode, out);
+2 −2
Original line number Diff line number Diff line
@@ -443,8 +443,8 @@ static int o2net_fill_bitmap(char *buf, int len)
	o2net_fill_node_map(map, sizeof(map));

	while ((i = find_next_bit(map, O2NM_MAX_NODES, i + 1)) < O2NM_MAX_NODES)
		out += snprintf(buf + out, PAGE_SIZE - out, "%d ", i);
	out += snprintf(buf + out, PAGE_SIZE - out, "\n");
		out += scnprintf(buf + out, PAGE_SIZE - out, "%d ", i);
	out += scnprintf(buf + out, PAGE_SIZE - out, "\n");

	return out;
}
+50 −50
Original line number Diff line number Diff line
@@ -244,11 +244,11 @@ static int stringify_lockname(const char *lockname, int locklen, char *buf,
		memcpy((__be64 *)&inode_blkno_be,
		       (char *)&lockname[OCFS2_DENTRY_LOCK_INO_START],
		       sizeof(__be64));
		out += snprintf(buf + out, len - out, "%.*s%08x",
		out += scnprintf(buf + out, len - out, "%.*s%08x",
				OCFS2_DENTRY_LOCK_INO_START - 1, lockname,
				(unsigned int)be64_to_cpu(inode_blkno_be));
	} else
		out += snprintf(buf + out, len - out, "%.*s",
		out += scnprintf(buf + out, len - out, "%.*s",
				locklen, lockname);
	return out;
}
@@ -260,7 +260,7 @@ static int stringify_nodemap(unsigned long *nodemap, int maxnodes,
	int i = -1;

	while ((i = find_next_bit(nodemap, maxnodes, i + 1)) < maxnodes)
		out += snprintf(buf + out, len - out, "%d ", i);
		out += scnprintf(buf + out, len - out, "%d ", i);

	return out;
}
@@ -278,34 +278,34 @@ static int dump_mle(struct dlm_master_list_entry *mle, char *buf, int len)
		mle_type = "MIG";

	out += stringify_lockname(mle->mname, mle->mnamelen, buf + out, len - out);
	out += snprintf(buf + out, len - out,
	out += scnprintf(buf + out, len - out,
			"\t%3s\tmas=%3u\tnew=%3u\tevt=%1d\tuse=%1d\tref=%3d\n",
			mle_type, mle->master, mle->new_master,
			!list_empty(&mle->hb_events),
			!!mle->inuse,
			kref_read(&mle->mle_refs));

	out += snprintf(buf + out, len - out, "Maybe=");
	out += scnprintf(buf + out, len - out, "Maybe=");
	out += stringify_nodemap(mle->maybe_map, O2NM_MAX_NODES,
				 buf + out, len - out);
	out += snprintf(buf + out, len - out, "\n");
	out += scnprintf(buf + out, len - out, "\n");

	out += snprintf(buf + out, len - out, "Vote=");
	out += scnprintf(buf + out, len - out, "Vote=");
	out += stringify_nodemap(mle->vote_map, O2NM_MAX_NODES,
				 buf + out, len - out);
	out += snprintf(buf + out, len - out, "\n");
	out += scnprintf(buf + out, len - out, "\n");

	out += snprintf(buf + out, len - out, "Response=");
	out += scnprintf(buf + out, len - out, "Response=");
	out += stringify_nodemap(mle->response_map, O2NM_MAX_NODES,
				 buf + out, len - out);
	out += snprintf(buf + out, len - out, "\n");
	out += scnprintf(buf + out, len - out, "\n");

	out += snprintf(buf + out, len - out, "Node=");
	out += scnprintf(buf + out, len - out, "Node=");
	out += stringify_nodemap(mle->node_map, O2NM_MAX_NODES,
				 buf + out, len - out);
	out += snprintf(buf + out, len - out, "\n");
	out += scnprintf(buf + out, len - out, "\n");

	out += snprintf(buf + out, len - out, "\n");
	out += scnprintf(buf + out, len - out, "\n");

	return out;
}
@@ -353,7 +353,7 @@ static int debug_purgelist_print(struct dlm_ctxt *dlm, char *buf, int len)
	int out = 0;
	unsigned long total = 0;

	out += snprintf(buf + out, len - out,
	out += scnprintf(buf + out, len - out,
			"Dumping Purgelist for Domain: %s\n", dlm->name);

	spin_lock(&dlm->spinlock);
@@ -365,13 +365,13 @@ static int debug_purgelist_print(struct dlm_ctxt *dlm, char *buf, int len)
		out += stringify_lockname(res->lockname.name,
					  res->lockname.len,
					  buf + out, len - out);
		out += snprintf(buf + out, len - out, "\t%ld\n",
		out += scnprintf(buf + out, len - out, "\t%ld\n",
				(jiffies - res->last_used)/HZ);
		spin_unlock(&res->spinlock);
	}
	spin_unlock(&dlm->spinlock);

	out += snprintf(buf + out, len - out, "Total on list: %lu\n", total);
	out += scnprintf(buf + out, len - out, "Total on list: %lu\n", total);

	return out;
}
@@ -410,7 +410,7 @@ static int debug_mle_print(struct dlm_ctxt *dlm, char *buf, int len)
	int i, out = 0;
	unsigned long total = 0, longest = 0, bucket_count = 0;

	out += snprintf(buf + out, len - out,
	out += scnprintf(buf + out, len - out,
			"Dumping MLEs for Domain: %s\n", dlm->name);

	spin_lock(&dlm->master_lock);
@@ -428,7 +428,7 @@ static int debug_mle_print(struct dlm_ctxt *dlm, char *buf, int len)
	}
	spin_unlock(&dlm->master_lock);

	out += snprintf(buf + out, len - out,
	out += scnprintf(buf + out, len - out,
			"Total: %lu, Longest: %lu\n", total, longest);
	return out;
}
@@ -467,7 +467,7 @@ static int dump_lock(struct dlm_lock *lock, int list_type, char *buf, int len)

#define DEBUG_LOCK_VERSION	1
	spin_lock(&lock->spinlock);
	out = snprintf(buf, len, "LOCK:%d,%d,%d,%d,%d,%d:%lld,%d,%d,%d,%d,%d,"
	out = scnprintf(buf, len, "LOCK:%d,%d,%d,%d,%d,%d:%lld,%d,%d,%d,%d,%d,"
		       "%d,%d,%d,%d\n",
		       DEBUG_LOCK_VERSION,
		       list_type, lock->ml.type, lock->ml.convert_type,
@@ -491,13 +491,13 @@ static int dump_lockres(struct dlm_lock_resource *res, char *buf, int len)
	int i;
	int out = 0;

	out += snprintf(buf + out, len - out, "NAME:");
	out += scnprintf(buf + out, len - out, "NAME:");
	out += stringify_lockname(res->lockname.name, res->lockname.len,
				  buf + out, len - out);
	out += snprintf(buf + out, len - out, "\n");
	out += scnprintf(buf + out, len - out, "\n");

#define DEBUG_LRES_VERSION	1
	out += snprintf(buf + out, len - out,
	out += scnprintf(buf + out, len - out,
			"LRES:%d,%d,%d,%ld,%d,%d,%d,%d,%d,%d,%d\n",
			DEBUG_LRES_VERSION,
			res->owner, res->state, res->last_used,
@@ -509,17 +509,17 @@ static int dump_lockres(struct dlm_lock_resource *res, char *buf, int len)
			kref_read(&res->refs));

	/* refmap */
	out += snprintf(buf + out, len - out, "RMAP:");
	out += scnprintf(buf + out, len - out, "RMAP:");
	out += stringify_nodemap(res->refmap, O2NM_MAX_NODES,
				 buf + out, len - out);
	out += snprintf(buf + out, len - out, "\n");
	out += scnprintf(buf + out, len - out, "\n");

	/* lvb */
	out += snprintf(buf + out, len - out, "LVBX:");
	out += scnprintf(buf + out, len - out, "LVBX:");
	for (i = 0; i < DLM_LVB_LEN; i++)
		out += snprintf(buf + out, len - out,
		out += scnprintf(buf + out, len - out,
					"%02x", (unsigned char)res->lvb[i]);
	out += snprintf(buf + out, len - out, "\n");
	out += scnprintf(buf + out, len - out, "\n");

	/* granted */
	list_for_each_entry(lock, &res->granted, list)
@@ -533,7 +533,7 @@ static int dump_lockres(struct dlm_lock_resource *res, char *buf, int len)
	list_for_each_entry(lock, &res->blocked, list)
		out += dump_lock(lock, 2, buf + out, len - out);

	out += snprintf(buf + out, len - out, "\n");
	out += scnprintf(buf + out, len - out, "\n");

	return out;
}
@@ -683,41 +683,41 @@ static int debug_state_print(struct dlm_ctxt *dlm, char *buf, int len)
	}

	/* Domain: xxxxxxxxxx  Key: 0xdfbac769 */
	out += snprintf(buf + out, len - out,
	out += scnprintf(buf + out, len - out,
			"Domain: %s  Key: 0x%08x  Protocol: %d.%d\n",
			dlm->name, dlm->key, dlm->dlm_locking_proto.pv_major,
			dlm->dlm_locking_proto.pv_minor);

	/* Thread Pid: xxx  Node: xxx  State: xxxxx */
	out += snprintf(buf + out, len - out,
	out += scnprintf(buf + out, len - out,
			"Thread Pid: %d  Node: %d  State: %s\n",
			task_pid_nr(dlm->dlm_thread_task), dlm->node_num, state);

	/* Number of Joins: xxx  Joining Node: xxx */
	out += snprintf(buf + out, len - out,
	out += scnprintf(buf + out, len - out,
			"Number of Joins: %d  Joining Node: %d\n",
			dlm->num_joins, dlm->joining_node);

	/* Domain Map: xx xx xx */
	out += snprintf(buf + out, len - out, "Domain Map: ");
	out += scnprintf(buf + out, len - out, "Domain Map: ");
	out += stringify_nodemap(dlm->domain_map, O2NM_MAX_NODES,
				 buf + out, len - out);
	out += snprintf(buf + out, len - out, "\n");
	out += scnprintf(buf + out, len - out, "\n");

	/* Exit Domain Map: xx xx xx */
	out += snprintf(buf + out, len - out, "Exit Domain Map: ");
	out += scnprintf(buf + out, len - out, "Exit Domain Map: ");
	out += stringify_nodemap(dlm->exit_domain_map, O2NM_MAX_NODES,
				 buf + out, len - out);
	out += snprintf(buf + out, len - out, "\n");
	out += scnprintf(buf + out, len - out, "\n");

	/* Live Map: xx xx xx */
	out += snprintf(buf + out, len - out, "Live Map: ");
	out += scnprintf(buf + out, len - out, "Live Map: ");
	out += stringify_nodemap(dlm->live_nodes_map, O2NM_MAX_NODES,
				 buf + out, len - out);
	out += snprintf(buf + out, len - out, "\n");
	out += scnprintf(buf + out, len - out, "\n");

	/* Lock Resources: xxx (xxx) */
	out += snprintf(buf + out, len - out,
	out += scnprintf(buf + out, len - out,
			"Lock Resources: %d (%d)\n",
			atomic_read(&dlm->res_cur_count),
			atomic_read(&dlm->res_tot_count));
@@ -729,29 +729,29 @@ static int debug_state_print(struct dlm_ctxt *dlm, char *buf, int len)
		cur_mles += atomic_read(&dlm->mle_cur_count[i]);

	/* MLEs: xxx (xxx) */
	out += snprintf(buf + out, len - out,
	out += scnprintf(buf + out, len - out,
			"MLEs: %d (%d)\n", cur_mles, tot_mles);

	/*  Blocking: xxx (xxx) */
	out += snprintf(buf + out, len - out,
	out += scnprintf(buf + out, len - out,
			"  Blocking: %d (%d)\n",
			atomic_read(&dlm->mle_cur_count[DLM_MLE_BLOCK]),
			atomic_read(&dlm->mle_tot_count[DLM_MLE_BLOCK]));

	/*  Mastery: xxx (xxx) */
	out += snprintf(buf + out, len - out,
	out += scnprintf(buf + out, len - out,
			"  Mastery: %d (%d)\n",
			atomic_read(&dlm->mle_cur_count[DLM_MLE_MASTER]),
			atomic_read(&dlm->mle_tot_count[DLM_MLE_MASTER]));

	/*  Migration: xxx (xxx) */
	out += snprintf(buf + out, len - out,
	out += scnprintf(buf + out, len - out,
			"  Migration: %d (%d)\n",
			atomic_read(&dlm->mle_cur_count[DLM_MLE_MIGRATION]),
			atomic_read(&dlm->mle_tot_count[DLM_MLE_MIGRATION]));

	/* Lists: Dirty=Empty  Purge=InUse  PendingASTs=Empty  ... */
	out += snprintf(buf + out, len - out,
	out += scnprintf(buf + out, len - out,
			"Lists: Dirty=%s  Purge=%s  PendingASTs=%s  "
			"PendingBASTs=%s\n",
			(list_empty(&dlm->dirty_list) ? "Empty" : "InUse"),
@@ -760,12 +760,12 @@ static int debug_state_print(struct dlm_ctxt *dlm, char *buf, int len)
			(list_empty(&dlm->pending_basts) ? "Empty" : "InUse"));

	/* Purge Count: xxx  Refs: xxx */
	out += snprintf(buf + out, len - out,
	out += scnprintf(buf + out, len - out,
			"Purge Count: %d  Refs: %d\n", dlm->purge_count,
			kref_read(&dlm->dlm_refs));

	/* Dead Node: xxx */
	out += snprintf(buf + out, len - out,
	out += scnprintf(buf + out, len - out,
			"Dead Node: %d\n", dlm->reco.dead_node);

	/* What about DLM_RECO_STATE_FINALIZE? */
@@ -775,19 +775,19 @@ static int debug_state_print(struct dlm_ctxt *dlm, char *buf, int len)
		state = "INACTIVE";

	/* Recovery Pid: xxxx  Master: xxx  State: xxxx */
	out += snprintf(buf + out, len - out,
	out += scnprintf(buf + out, len - out,
			"Recovery Pid: %d  Master: %d  State: %s\n",
			task_pid_nr(dlm->dlm_reco_thread_task),
			dlm->reco.new_master, state);

	/* Recovery Map: xx xx */
	out += snprintf(buf + out, len - out, "Recovery Map: ");
	out += scnprintf(buf + out, len - out, "Recovery Map: ");
	out += stringify_nodemap(dlm->recovery_map, O2NM_MAX_NODES,
				 buf + out, len - out);
	out += snprintf(buf + out, len - out, "\n");
	out += scnprintf(buf + out, len - out, "\n");

	/* Recovery Node State: */
	out += snprintf(buf + out, len - out, "Recovery Node State:\n");
	out += scnprintf(buf + out, len - out, "Recovery Node State:\n");
	list_for_each_entry(node, &dlm->reco.node_data, list) {
		switch (node->state) {
		case DLM_RECO_NODE_DATA_INIT:
@@ -815,7 +815,7 @@ static int debug_state_print(struct dlm_ctxt *dlm, char *buf, int len)
			state = "BAD";
			break;
		}
		out += snprintf(buf + out, len - out, "\t%u - %s\n",
		out += scnprintf(buf + out, len - out, "\t%u - %s\n",
				node->node_num, state);
	}

+23 −23
Original line number Diff line number Diff line
@@ -220,31 +220,31 @@ static int ocfs2_osb_dump(struct ocfs2_super *osb, char *buf, int len)
	int i, out = 0;
	unsigned long flags;

	out += snprintf(buf + out, len - out,
	out += scnprintf(buf + out, len - out,
			"%10s => Id: %-s  Uuid: %-s  Gen: 0x%X  Label: %-s\n",
			"Device", osb->dev_str, osb->uuid_str,
			osb->fs_generation, osb->vol_label);

	out += snprintf(buf + out, len - out,
	out += scnprintf(buf + out, len - out,
			"%10s => State: %d  Flags: 0x%lX\n", "Volume",
			atomic_read(&osb->vol_state), osb->osb_flags);

	out += snprintf(buf + out, len - out,
	out += scnprintf(buf + out, len - out,
			"%10s => Block: %lu  Cluster: %d\n", "Sizes",
			osb->sb->s_blocksize, osb->s_clustersize);

	out += snprintf(buf + out, len - out,
	out += scnprintf(buf + out, len - out,
			"%10s => Compat: 0x%X  Incompat: 0x%X  "
			"ROcompat: 0x%X\n",
			"Features", osb->s_feature_compat,
			osb->s_feature_incompat, osb->s_feature_ro_compat);

	out += snprintf(buf + out, len - out,
	out += scnprintf(buf + out, len - out,
			"%10s => Opts: 0x%lX  AtimeQuanta: %u\n", "Mount",
			osb->s_mount_opt, osb->s_atime_quantum);

	if (cconn) {
		out += snprintf(buf + out, len - out,
		out += scnprintf(buf + out, len - out,
				"%10s => Stack: %s  Name: %*s  "
				"Version: %d.%d\n", "Cluster",
				(*osb->osb_cluster_stack == '\0' ?
@@ -255,7 +255,7 @@ static int ocfs2_osb_dump(struct ocfs2_super *osb, char *buf, int len)
	}

	spin_lock_irqsave(&osb->dc_task_lock, flags);
	out += snprintf(buf + out, len - out,
	out += scnprintf(buf + out, len - out,
			"%10s => Pid: %d  Count: %lu  WakeSeq: %lu  "
			"WorkSeq: %lu\n", "DownCnvt",
			(osb->dc_task ?  task_pid_nr(osb->dc_task) : -1),
@@ -264,32 +264,32 @@ static int ocfs2_osb_dump(struct ocfs2_super *osb, char *buf, int len)
	spin_unlock_irqrestore(&osb->dc_task_lock, flags);

	spin_lock(&osb->osb_lock);
	out += snprintf(buf + out, len - out, "%10s => Pid: %d  Nodes:",
	out += scnprintf(buf + out, len - out, "%10s => Pid: %d  Nodes:",
			"Recovery",
			(osb->recovery_thread_task ?
			 task_pid_nr(osb->recovery_thread_task) : -1));
	if (rm->rm_used == 0)
		out += snprintf(buf + out, len - out, " None\n");
		out += scnprintf(buf + out, len - out, " None\n");
	else {
		for (i = 0; i < rm->rm_used; i++)
			out += snprintf(buf + out, len - out, " %d",
			out += scnprintf(buf + out, len - out, " %d",
					rm->rm_entries[i]);
		out += snprintf(buf + out, len - out, "\n");
		out += scnprintf(buf + out, len - out, "\n");
	}
	spin_unlock(&osb->osb_lock);

	out += snprintf(buf + out, len - out,
	out += scnprintf(buf + out, len - out,
			"%10s => Pid: %d  Interval: %lu\n", "Commit",
			(osb->commit_task ? task_pid_nr(osb->commit_task) : -1),
			osb->osb_commit_interval);

	out += snprintf(buf + out, len - out,
	out += scnprintf(buf + out, len - out,
			"%10s => State: %d  TxnId: %lu  NumTxns: %d\n",
			"Journal", osb->journal->j_state,
			osb->journal->j_trans_id,
			atomic_read(&osb->journal->j_num_trans));

	out += snprintf(buf + out, len - out,
	out += scnprintf(buf + out, len - out,
			"%10s => GlobalAllocs: %d  LocalAllocs: %d  "
			"SubAllocs: %d  LAWinMoves: %d  SAExtends: %d\n",
			"Stats",
@@ -299,7 +299,7 @@ static int ocfs2_osb_dump(struct ocfs2_super *osb, char *buf, int len)
			atomic_read(&osb->alloc_stats.moves),
			atomic_read(&osb->alloc_stats.bg_extends));

	out += snprintf(buf + out, len - out,
	out += scnprintf(buf + out, len - out,
			"%10s => State: %u  Descriptor: %llu  Size: %u bits  "
			"Default: %u bits\n",
			"LocalAlloc", osb->local_alloc_state,
@@ -307,7 +307,7 @@ static int ocfs2_osb_dump(struct ocfs2_super *osb, char *buf, int len)
			osb->local_alloc_bits, osb->local_alloc_default_bits);

	spin_lock(&osb->osb_lock);
	out += snprintf(buf + out, len - out,
	out += scnprintf(buf + out, len - out,
			"%10s => InodeSlot: %d  StolenInodes: %d, "
			"MetaSlot: %d  StolenMeta: %d\n", "Steal",
			osb->s_inode_steal_slot,
@@ -316,20 +316,20 @@ static int ocfs2_osb_dump(struct ocfs2_super *osb, char *buf, int len)
			atomic_read(&osb->s_num_meta_stolen));
	spin_unlock(&osb->osb_lock);

	out += snprintf(buf + out, len - out, "OrphanScan => ");
	out += snprintf(buf + out, len - out, "Local: %u  Global: %u ",
	out += scnprintf(buf + out, len - out, "OrphanScan => ");
	out += scnprintf(buf + out, len - out, "Local: %u  Global: %u ",
			os->os_count, os->os_seqno);
	out += snprintf(buf + out, len - out, " Last Scan: ");
	out += scnprintf(buf + out, len - out, " Last Scan: ");
	if (atomic_read(&os->os_state) == ORPHAN_SCAN_INACTIVE)
		out += snprintf(buf + out, len - out, "Disabled\n");
		out += scnprintf(buf + out, len - out, "Disabled\n");
	else
		out += snprintf(buf + out, len - out, "%lu seconds ago\n",
		out += scnprintf(buf + out, len - out, "%lu seconds ago\n",
				(unsigned long)(ktime_get_seconds() - os->os_scantime));

	out += snprintf(buf + out, len - out, "%10s => %3s  %10s\n",
	out += scnprintf(buf + out, len - out, "%10s => %3s  %10s\n",
			"Slots", "Num", "RecoGen");
	for (i = 0; i < osb->max_slots; ++i) {
		out += snprintf(buf + out, len - out,
		out += scnprintf(buf + out, len - out,
				"%10s  %c %3d  %10d\n",
				" ",
				(i == osb->slot_num ? '*' : ' '),