Merge LKMM and RCU commits

Reference counting on elements of lists which are protected by traditional

reader/writer spinlocks or semaphores are straightforward:

CODE LISTING A:

1.				2.

add()				search_and_reference()

{				{

release_referenced()			delete()

{					{

    ...					    write_lock(&list_lock);

    atomic_dec(&el->rc, relfunc)	    ...

    if(atomic_dec_and_test(&el->rc))	    ...

	kfree(el);

    ...					    remove_element

}					    write_unlock(&list_lock);

 					    ...

has already been deleted from the list/array.  Use atomic_inc_not_zero()

in this scenario as follows:

CODE LISTING B:

1.					2.

add()					search_and_reference()

{					{

atomic_dec_and_test() may be moved from delete() to el_free()

as follows:

CODE LISTING C:

1.					2.

add()					search_and_reference()

{					{

any reader finds the element, that reader may safely acquire a reference

without checking the value of the reference counter.

A clear advantage of the RCU-based pattern in listing C over the one

in listing B is that any call to search_and_reference() that locates

a given object will succeed in obtaining a reference to that object,

even given a concurrent invocation of delete() for that same object.

Similarly, a clear advantage of both listings B and C over listing A is

that a call to delete() is not delayed even if there are an arbitrarily

large number of calls to search_and_reference() searching for the same

object that delete() was invoked on.  Instead, all that is delayed is

the eventual invocation of kfree(), which is usually not a problem on

modern computer systems, even the small ones.

In cases where delete() can sleep, synchronize_rcu() can be called from

delete(), so that el_free() can be subsumed into delete as follows:

    	kfree(el);

    ...

}

As additional examples in the kernel, the pattern in listing C is used by

reference counting of struct pid, while the pattern in listing B is used by

struct posix_acl.

	This boot/sysfs parameter controls the RCU-tasks stall warning

	interval.  A value of zero or less suppresses RCU-tasks stall

	warnings.  A positive value sets the stall-warning interval

	in jiffies.  An RCU-tasks stall warning starts with the line:

	in seconds.  An RCU-tasks stall warning starts with the line:

		INFO: rcu_tasks detected stalls on tasks:

rcu_assign_pointer()

	typeof(p) rcu_assign_pointer(p, typeof(p) v);

	void rcu_assign_pointer(p, typeof(p) v);

	Yes, rcu_assign_pointer() -is- implemented as a macro, though it

	would be cool to be able to declare a function in this manner.

	The updater uses this function to assign a new value to an

	RCU-protected pointer, in order to safely communicate the change

	in value from the updater to the reader.  This function returns

	the new value, and also executes any memory-barrier instructions

	required for a given CPU architecture.

	in value from the updater to the reader.  This macro does not

	evaluate to an rvalue, but it does execute any memory-barrier

	instructions required for a given CPU architecture.

	Perhaps just as important, it serves to document (1) which

	pointers are protected by RCU and (2) the point at which a

			the propagation of recent CPU-hotplug changes up

			the rcu_node combining tree.

	rcutree.use_softirq=	[KNL]

			If set to zero, move all RCU_SOFTIRQ processing to

			per-CPU rcuc kthreads.  Defaults to a non-zero

			value, meaning that RCU_SOFTIRQ is used by default.

			Specify rcutree.use_softirq=0 to use rcuc kthreads.

	rcutree.rcu_fanout_exact= [KNL]

			Disable autobalancing of the rcu_node combining

			tree.  This is used by rcutorture, and might

================

:Author: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>

:Author: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>

:Author: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.ibm.com>

Linux provides a number of features that can be used to implement circular