can: add support of SAE J1939 protocol

   devlink-trap

   devlink-trap-netdevsim

   ieee802154

   j1939

   kapi

   z8530book

   msg_zerocopy

.. SPDX-License-Identifier: (GPL-2.0 OR MIT)

===================

J1939 Documentation

===================

Overview / What Is J1939

========================

SAE J1939 defines a higher layer protocol on CAN. It implements a more

sophisticated addressing scheme and extends the maximum packet size above 8

bytes. Several derived specifications exist, which differ from the original

J1939 on the application level, like MilCAN A, NMEA2000 and especially

ISO-11783 (ISOBUS). This last one specifies the so-called ETP (Extended

Transport Protocol) which is has been included in this implementation. This

results in a maximum packet size of ((2 ^ 24) - 1) * 7 bytes == 111 MiB.

Specifications used

-------------------

* SAE J1939-21 : data link layer

* SAE J1939-81 : network management

* ISO 11783-6  : Virtual Terminal (Extended Transport Protocol)

.. _j1939-motivation:

Motivation

==========

Given the fact there's something like SocketCAN with an API similar to BSD

sockets, we found some reasons to justify a kernel implementation for the

addressing and transport methods used by J1939.

* **Addressing:** when a process on an ECU communicates via J1939, it should

  not necessarily know its source address. Although at least one process per

  ECU should know the source address. Other processes should be able to reuse

  that address. This way, address parameters for different processes

  cooperating for the same ECU, are not duplicated. This way of working is

  closely related to the UNIX concept where programs do just one thing, and do

  it well.

* **Dynamic addressing:** Address Claiming in J1939 is time critical.

  Furthermore data transport should be handled properly during the address

  negotiation. Putting this functionality in the kernel eliminates it as a

  requirement for _every_ user space process that communicates via J1939. This

  results in a consistent J1939 bus with proper addressing.

* **Transport:** both TP & ETP reuse some PGNs to relay big packets over them.

  Different processes may thus use the same TP & ETP PGNs without actually

  knowing it. The individual TP & ETP sessions _must_ be serialized

  (synchronized) between different processes. The kernel solves this problem

  properly and eliminates the serialization (synchronization) as a requirement

  for _every_ user space process that communicates via J1939.

J1939 defines some other features (relaying, gateway, fast packet transport,

...). In-kernel code for these would not contribute to protocol stability.

Therefore, these parts are left to user space.

The J1939 sockets operate on CAN network devices (see SocketCAN). Any J1939

user space library operating on CAN raw sockets will still operate properly.

Since such library does not communicate with the in-kernel implementation, care

must be taken that these two do not interfere. In practice, this means they

cannot share ECU addresses. A single ECU (or virtual ECU) address is used by

the library exclusively, or by the in-kernel system exclusively.

J1939 concepts

==============

PGN

---

The PGN (Parameter Group Number) is a number to identify a packet. The PGN

is composed as follows:

1 bit  : Reserved Bit

1 bit  : Data Page

8 bits : PF (PDU Format)

8 bits : PS (PDU Specific)

In J1939-21 distinction is made between PDU1 format (where PF < 240) and PDU2

format (where PF >= 240). Furthermore, when using PDU2 format, the PS-field

contains a so-called Group Extension, which is part of the PGN. When using PDU2

format, the Group Extension is set in the PS-field.

On the other hand, when using PDU1 format, the PS-field contains a so-called

Destination Address, which is _not_ part of the PGN. When communicating a PGN

from user space to kernel (or visa versa) and PDU2 format is used, the PS-field

of the PGN shall be set to zero. The Destination Address shall be set

elsewhere.

Regarding PGN mapping to 29-bit CAN identifier, the Destination Address shall

be get/set from/to the appropriate bits of the identifier by the kernel.

Addressing

----------

Both static and dynamic addressing methods can be used.

For static addresses, no extra checks are made by the kernel, and provided

addresses are considered right. This responsibility is for the OEM or system

integrator.

For dynamic addressing, so-called Address Claiming, extra support is foreseen

in the kernel. In J1939 any ECU is known by it's 64-bit NAME. At the moment of

a successful address claim, the kernel keeps track of both NAME and source

address being claimed. This serves as a base for filter schemes. By default,

packets with a destination that is not locally, will be rejected.

Mixed mode packets (from a static to a dynamic address or vice versa) are

allowed. The BSD sockets define separate API calls for getting/setting the

local & remote address and are applicable for J1939 sockets.

Filtering

---------

J1939 defines white list filters per socket that a user can set in order to

receive a subset of the J1939 traffic. Filtering can be based on:

* SA

* SOURCE_NAME

* PGN

When multiple filters are in place for a single socket, and a packet comes in

that matches several of those filters, the packet is only received once for

that socket.

How to Use J1939

================

API Calls

---------

On CAN, you first need to open a socket for communicating over a CAN network.

To use J1939, #include <linux/can/j1939.h>. From there, <linux/can.h> will be

included too. To open a socket, use:

.. code-block:: C

    s = socket(PF_CAN, SOCK_DGRAM, CAN_J1939);

J1939 does use SOCK_DGRAM sockets. In the J1939 specification, connections are

mentioned in the context of transport protocol sessions. These still deliver

packets to the other end (using several CAN packets). SOCK_STREAM is not

supported.

After the successful creation of the socket, you would normally use the bind(2)

and/or connect(2) system call to bind the socket to a CAN interface.  After

binding and/or connecting the socket, you can read(2) and write(2) from/to the

socket or use send(2), sendto(2), sendmsg(2) and the recv*() counterpart

operations on the socket as usual. There are also J1939 specific socket options

described below.

In order to send data, a bind(2) must have been successful. bind(2) assigns a

local address to a socket.

Different from CAN is that the payload data is just the data that get send,

without it's header info. The header info is derived from the sockaddr supplied

to bind(2), connect(2), sendto(2) and recvfrom(2). A write(2) with size 4 will

result in a packet with 4 bytes.

The sockaddr structure has extensions for use with J1939 as specified below:

.. code-block:: C

      struct sockaddr_can {

         sa_family_t can_family;

         int         can_ifindex;

         union {

            struct {

               __u64 name;

                        /* pgn:

                         * 8 bit: PS in PDU2 case, else 0

                         * 8 bit: PF

                         * 1 bit: DP

                         * 1 bit: reserved

                         */

               __u32 pgn;

               __u8  addr;

            } j1939;

         } can_addr;

      }

can_family & can_ifindex serve the same purpose as for other SocketCAN sockets.

can_addr.j1939.pgn specifies the PGN (max 0x3ffff). Individual bits are

specified above.

can_addr.j1939.name contains the 64-bit J1939 NAME.

can_addr.j1939.addr contains the address.

The bind(2) system call assigns the local address, i.e. the source address when

sending packages. If a PGN during bind(2) is set, it's used as a RX filter.

I.e.  only packets with a matching PGN are received. If an ADDR or NAME is set

it is used as a receive filter, too. It will match the destination NAME or ADDR

of the incoming packet. The NAME filter will work only if appropriate Address

Claiming for this name was done on the CAN bus and registered/cached by the

kernel.

On the other hand connect(2) assigns the remote address, i.e. the destination

address. The PGN from connect(2) is used as the default PGN when sending

packets. If ADDR or NAME is set it will be used as the default destination ADDR

or NAME. Further a set ADDR or NAME during connect(2) is used as a receive

filter. It will match the source NAME or ADDR of the incoming packet.

Both write(2) and send(2) will send a packet with local address from bind(2) and

the remote address from connect(2). Use sendto(2) to overwrite the destination

address.

If can_addr.j1939.name is set (!= 0) the NAME is looked up by the kernel and

the corresponding ADDR is used. If can_addr.j1939.name is not set (== 0),

can_addr.j1939.addr is used.

When creating a socket, reasonable defaults are set. Some options can be

modified with setsockopt(2) & getsockopt(2).

RX path related options:

- SO_J1939_FILTER - configure array of filters

- SO_J1939_PROMISC - disable filters set by bind(2) and connect(2)

By default no broadcast packets can be send or received. To enable sending or

receiving broadcast packets use the socket option SO_BROADCAST:

.. code-block:: C

     int value = 1;

     setsockopt(sock, SOL_SOCKET, SO_BROADCAST, &value, sizeof(value));

The following diagram illustrates the RX path:

.. code::

                    +--------------------+

                    |  incoming packet   |

                    +--------------------+

                              |

                              V

                    +--------------------+

                    | SO_J1939_PROMISC?  |

                    +--------------------+

                             |  |

                         no  |  | yes

                             |  |

                   .---------'  `---------.

                   |                      |

     +---------------------------+        |

     | bind() + connect() +      |        |

     | SOCK_BROADCAST filter     |        |

     +---------------------------+        |

                   |                      |

                   |<---------------------'

                   V

     +---------------------------+

     |      SO_J1939_FILTER      |

     +---------------------------+

                   |

                   V

     +---------------------------+

     |        socket recv()      |

     +---------------------------+

TX path related options:

SO_J1939_SEND_PRIO - change default send priority for the socket

Message Flags during send() and Related System Calls

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

send(2), sendto(2) and sendmsg(2) take a 'flags' argument. Currently

supported flags are:

* MSG_DONTWAIT, i.e. non-blocking operation.

recvmsg(2)

^^^^^^^^^

In most cases recvmsg(2) is needed if you want to extract more information than

recvfrom(2) can provide. For example package priority and timestamp. The

Destination Address, name and packet priority (if applicable) are attached to

the msghdr in the recvmsg(2) call. They can be extracted using cmsg(3) macros,

with cmsg_level == SOL_J1939 && cmsg_type == SCM_J1939_DEST_ADDR,

SCM_J1939_DEST_NAME or SCM_J1939_PRIO. The returned data is a uint8_t for

priority and dst_addr, and uint64_t for dst_name.

.. code-block:: C

	uint8_t priority, dst_addr;

	uint64_t dst_name;

	for (cmsg = CMSG_FIRSTHDR(&msg); cmsg; cmsg = CMSG_NXTHDR(&msg, cmsg)) {

		switch (cmsg->cmsg_level) {

		case SOL_CAN_J1939:

			if (cmsg->cmsg_type == SCM_J1939_DEST_ADDR)

				dst_addr = *CMSG_DATA(cmsg);

			else if (cmsg->cmsg_type == SCM_J1939_DEST_NAME)

				memcpy(&dst_name, CMSG_DATA(cmsg), cmsg->cmsg_len - CMSG_LEN(0));

			else if (cmsg->cmsg_type == SCM_J1939_PRIO)

				priority = *CMSG_DATA(cmsg);

			break;

		}

	}

Dynamic Addressing

------------------

Distinction has to be made between using the claimed address and doing an

address claim. To use an already claimed address, one has to fill in the

j1939.name member and provide it to bind(2). If the name had claimed an address

earlier, all further messages being sent will use that address. And the

j1939.addr member will be ignored.

An exception on this is PGN 0x0ee00. This is the "Address Claim/Cannot Claim

Address" message and the kernel will use the j1939.addr member for that PGN if

necessary.

To claim an address following code example can be used:

.. code-block:: C

	struct sockaddr_can baddr = {

		.can_family = AF_CAN,

		.can_addr.j1939 = {

			.name = name,

			.addr = J1939_IDLE_ADDR,

			.pgn = J1939_NO_PGN,	/* to disable bind() rx filter for PGN */

		},

		.can_ifindex = if_nametoindex("can0"),

	};

	bind(sock, (struct sockaddr *)&baddr, sizeof(baddr));

	/* for Address Claiming broadcast must be allowed */

	int value = 1;

	setsockopt(sock, SOL_SOCKET, SO_BROADCAST, &value, sizeof(value));

	/* configured advanced RX filter with PGN needed for Address Claiming */

	const struct j1939_filter filt[] = {

		{

			.pgn = J1939_PGN_ADDRESS_CLAIMED,

			.pgn_mask = J1939_PGN_PDU1_MAX,

		}, {

			.pgn = J1939_PGN_ADDRESS_REQUEST,

			.pgn_mask = J1939_PGN_PDU1_MAX,

		}, {

			.pgn = J1939_PGN_ADDRESS_COMMANDED,

			.pgn_mask = J1939_PGN_MAX,

		},

	};

	setsockopt(sock, SOL_CAN_J1939, SO_J1939_FILTER, &filt, sizeof(filt));

	uint64_t dat = htole64(name);

	const struct sockaddr_can saddr = {

		.can_family = AF_CAN,

		.can_addr.j1939 = {

			.pgn = J1939_PGN_ADDRESS_CLAIMED,

			.addr = J1939_NO_ADDR,

		},

	};

	/* Afterwards do a sendto(2) with data set to the NAME (Little Endian). If the

	 * NAME provided, does not match the j1939.name provided to bind(2), EPROTO

	 * will be returned.

	 */

	sendto(sock, dat, sizeof(dat), 0, (const struct sockaddr *)&saddr, sizeof(saddr));

If no-one else contests the address claim within 250ms after transmission, the

kernel marks the NAME-SA assignment as valid. The valid assignment will be kept

among other valid NAME-SA assignments. From that point, any socket bound to the

NAME can send packets.

If another ECU claims the address, the kernel will mark the NAME-SA expired.

No socket bound to the NAME can send packets (other than address claims). To

claim another address, some socket bound to NAME, must bind(2) again, but with

only j1939.addr changed to the new SA, and must then send a valid address claim

packet. This restarts the state machine in the kernel (and any other

participant on the bus) for this NAME.

can-utils also include the jacd tool, so it can be used as code example or as

default Address Claiming daemon.

Send Examples

-------------

Static Addressing

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

This example will send a PGN (0x12300) from SA 0x20 to DA 0x30.

Bind:

.. code-block:: C

	struct sockaddr_can baddr = {

		.can_family = AF_CAN,

		.can_addr.j1939 = {

			.name = J1939_NO_NAME,

			.addr = 0x20,

			.pgn = J1939_NO_PGN,

		},

		.can_ifindex = if_nametoindex("can0"),

	};

	bind(sock, (struct sockaddr *)&baddr, sizeof(baddr));

Now, the socket 'sock' is bound to the SA 0x20. Since no connect(2) was called,

at this point we can use only sendto(2) or sendmsg(2).

Send:

.. code-block:: C

	const struct sockaddr_can saddr = {

		.can_family = AF_CAN,

		.can_addr.j1939 = {

			.name = J1939_NO_NAME;

			.pgn = 0x30,

			.addr = 0x12300,

		},

	};

	sendto(sock, dat, sizeof(dat), 0, (const struct sockaddr *)&saddr, sizeof(saddr));

F:	include/uapi/linux/can/raw.h

F:	include/uapi/linux/can/gw.h

CAN-J1939 NETWORK LAYER

M:	Robin van der Gracht <robin@protonic.nl>

M:	Oleksij Rempel <o.rempel@pengutronix.de>

R:	Pengutronix Kernel Team <kernel@pengutronix.de>

L:	linux-can@vger.kernel.org

S:	Maintained

F:	Documentation/networking/j1939.txt

F:	net/can/j1939/

F:	include/uapi/linux/can/j1939.h

CAPABILITIES

M:	Serge Hallyn <serge@hallyn.com>

L:	linux-security-module@vger.kernel.org

struct can_ml_priv {

	struct can_dev_rcv_lists dev_rcv_lists;

#ifdef CAN_J1939

	struct j1939_priv *j1939_priv;

#endif

};

#endif /* CAN_ML_H */

/* SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note */

/*

 * j1939.h

 *

 * Copyright (c) 2010-2011 EIA Electronics

 *

 * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify

 * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 as

 * published by the Free Software Foundation.

 */

#ifndef _UAPI_CAN_J1939_H_

#define _UAPI_CAN_J1939_H_

#include <linux/types.h>

#include <linux/socket.h>

#include <linux/can.h>

#define J1939_MAX_UNICAST_ADDR 0xfd

#define J1939_IDLE_ADDR 0xfe

#define J1939_NO_ADDR 0xff		/* == broadcast or no addr */

#define J1939_NO_NAME 0

#define J1939_PGN_REQUEST 0x0ea00		/* Request PG */

#define J1939_PGN_ADDRESS_CLAIMED 0x0ee00	/* Address Claimed */

#define J1939_PGN_ADDRESS_COMMANDED 0x0fed8	/* Commanded Address */

#define J1939_PGN_PDU1_MAX 0x3ff00

#define J1939_PGN_MAX 0x3ffff

#define J1939_NO_PGN 0x40000

/* J1939 Parameter Group Number

 *

 * bit 0-7	: PDU Specific (PS)

 * bit 8-15	: PDU Format (PF)

 * bit 16	: Data Page (DP)

 * bit 17	: Reserved (R)

 * bit 19-31	: set to zero

 */

typedef __u32 pgn_t;

/* J1939 Priority

 *

 * bit 0-2	: Priority (P)

 * bit 3-7	: set to zero

 */

typedef __u8 priority_t;

/* J1939 NAME

 *

 * bit 0-20	: Identity Number

 * bit 21-31	: Manufacturer Code

 * bit 32-34	: ECU Instance

 * bit 35-39	: Function Instance

 * bit 40-47	: Function

 * bit 48	: Reserved

 * bit 49-55	: Vehicle System

 * bit 56-59	: Vehicle System Instance

 * bit 60-62	: Industry Group

 * bit 63	: Arbitrary Address Capable

 */

typedef __u64 name_t;

/* J1939 socket options */

#define SOL_CAN_J1939 (SOL_CAN_BASE + CAN_J1939)

enum {

	SO_J1939_FILTER = 1,	/* set filters */

	SO_J1939_PROMISC = 2,	/* set/clr promiscuous mode */

	SO_J1939_SEND_PRIO = 3,

	SO_J1939_ERRQUEUE = 4,

};

enum {

	SCM_J1939_DEST_ADDR = 1,

	SCM_J1939_DEST_NAME = 2,

	SCM_J1939_PRIO = 3,

	SCM_J1939_ERRQUEUE = 4,

};

enum {

	J1939_NLA_PAD,

	J1939_NLA_BYTES_ACKED,

};

enum {

	J1939_EE_INFO_NONE,

	J1939_EE_INFO_TX_ABORT,

};

struct j1939_filter {

	name_t name;

	name_t name_mask;

	pgn_t pgn;

	pgn_t pgn_mask;

	__u8 addr;

	__u8 addr_mask;

};

#define J1939_FILTER_MAX 512 /* maximum number of j1939_filter set via setsockopt() */

#endif /* !_UAPI_CAN_J1939_H_ */