Most weeks, the lesson will be split into two parts. In the first part, new ideas about scientific writing will be examined.
This part of the lesson will be somewhere between a lecture and a seminar, with discussion highly encouraged. In the
second half, students will apply these ideas by working on their mini-paper (a piece of writing in the style of a scientific
paper) while the instructor circulates, reading students’ work and offering informal feedback. The mini-paper will be built
up and edited week by week and submitted near the end of the course.
Week 1: the basics:
- Course overview and introduction to the mini-paper;
- Basic philosophy of scientific writing and the aims of a scientific paper, including the idea of a scientific paper as a
story;
- Review of some grammar and punctuation terms in English (students may know them in Chinese but not English);
- Overview of a scientific paper: generic IMRAD structure of an experimental paper and brief survey of the function of
each section;
- Some ideas about story structure, including the acronym OCAR;
- Familiarisation with one or two generalist papers chosen as exemplar material for the course.
Weeks 2-3: writing an introduction:
- A detailed look at the purpose of an introduction in terms of the OCAR model introduced in week 1, with an especial
focus on the idea of the challenge;
- The “hourglass” shape of a scientific paper and the topic width of the introduction;
- The importance of concrete context;
- The function of the introduction as a preview;
- The typical uses of the simple present, present perfect, and simple past tenses within an introduction, including a
typical class of mixed-tense sentence (discussing accepted truths from past studies – mixes simple past and simple
present);
- Errors to avoid when writing introductions;
- Examination of examples from the literature;
- Writing exercise: producing an introduction.
Week 4: writing a method:
- The purposes of a method and general advice for method writing (justifying choices and showing the reader the
methods were sufficient to make the results valid, highlighting novelty, necessary details about materials, possible
logical structures, when to use tables and diagrams instead of text); the idea of replication;
- Logical principles for structuring methods;
- Tense conventions for method writing; different tenses for actions, apparatus, and procedures;
- Examination of examples from the literature;
- Writing exercise: writing a method.
Week 5: review of passive and active voices and their optimal use in scientific writing, with a focus on their use in the
method section:
- The advantage of the active voice for clarity;
- The advantage of the passive voice for emphasising the object and de-emphasising or obscuring the actor;
- Using “we” to signpost the story of the paper;
- Choice of passive or active, and the use or not of “we”, to emphasise the key point of a sentence;
- Style in the construction of the passive voice; avoiding excessively remote verbs;
- Analysis of use of passive and active voices in examples from the literature;
- Writing exercise: review and revision of introduction and method for good use of voice.