Expectiles-Normal {VGAM} | R Documentation

## Expectiles of the Normal Distribution

### Description

Density function, distribution function, and expectile function and random generation for the distribution associated with the expectiles of a normal distribution.

### Usage

    denorm(x, mean = 0, sd = 1, log = FALSE)
    penorm(q, mean = 0, sd = 1, lower.tail = TRUE, log.p = FALSE)
    qenorm(p, mean = 0, sd = 1, Maxit.nr = 10, Tol.nr = 1.0e-6,
           lower.tail = TRUE, log.p = FALSE)
    renorm(n, mean = 0, sd = 1)

### Arguments

`x, p, q` | See `deunif`.
`n, mean, sd, log` | See `rnorm`.
`lower.tail, log.p` | Same meaning as in `pnorm` or `qnorm`.
`Maxit.nr, Tol.nr` | See `deunif`.

### Details

General details are given in `deunif` including a note regarding the terminology used. Here, `norm` corresponds to the distribution of interest, F, and `enorm` corresponds to G. The addition of “`e`” is for the ‘other’ distribution associated with the parent distribution. Thus `denorm` is for g, `penorm` is for G, `qenorm` is for the inverse of G, `renorm` generates random variates from g.

For `qenorm` the Newton-Raphson algorithm is used to solve for y satisfying p = G(y). Numerical problems may occur when values of `p` are very close to 0 or 1.

### Value

`denorm(x)` gives the density function g(x). `penorm(q)` gives the distribution function G(q). `qenorm(p)` gives the expectile function: the value y such that G(y)=p. `renorm(n)` gives n random variates from G.

### Author(s)

T. W. Yee and Kai Huang

### See Also

`deunif`, `deexp`, `dnorm`, `amlnormal`, `lms.bcn`.

### Examples

    my.p <- 0.25; y <- rnorm(nn <- 1000)
    (myexp <- qenorm(my.p))
    sum(myexp - y[y <= myexp]) / sum(abs(myexp - y))  # Should be my.p

    # Non-standard normal
    mymean <- 1; mysd <- 2
    yy <- rnorm(nn, mymean, mysd)
    (myexp <- qenorm(my.p, mymean, mysd))
    sum(myexp - yy[yy <= myexp]) / sum(abs(myexp - yy))  # Should be my.p
    penorm(-Inf, mymean, mysd)      #  Should be 0
    penorm( Inf, mymean, mysd)      #  Should be 1
    penorm(mean(yy), mymean, mysd)  #  Should be 0.5
    abs(qenorm(0.5, mymean, mysd) - mean(yy))  #  Should be 0
    abs(penorm(myexp, mymean, mysd) - my.p)    #  Should be 0
    integrate(f = denorm, lower = -Inf, upper = Inf,
              mymean, mysd)  #  Should be 1

    ## Not run:
    par(mfrow = c(2, 1))
    yy <- seq(-3, 3, len = nn)
    plot(yy, denorm(yy), type = "l", col="blue", xlab = "y", ylab = "g(y)",
         main = "g(y) for N(0,1); dotted green is f(y) = dnorm(y)")
    lines(yy, dnorm(yy), col = "darkgreen", lty = "dotted", lwd = 2)  # 'original'

    plot(yy, penorm(yy), type = "l", col = "blue", ylim = 0:1,
         xlab = "y", ylab = "G(y)", main = "G(y) for N(0,1)")
    abline(v = 0, h = 0.5, col = "red", lty = "dashed")
    lines(yy, pnorm(yy), col = "darkgreen", lty = "dotted", lwd = 2)
    ## End(Not run)

[Package VGAM version 1.1-1 Index]