bratt {VGAM} | R Documentation

## Bradley Terry Model With Ties

### Description

Fits a Bradley Terry model with ties (intercept-only model) by maximum likelihood estimation.

### Usage

    bratt(refgp = "last", refvalue = 1, ialpha = 1, i0 = 0.01)

### Arguments

`refgp` | Integer whose value must be from the set {1,...,M}, where there are M competitors. The default value indicates the last competitor is used—but don't input a character string, in general.
`refvalue` | Numeric. A positive value for the reference group.
`ialpha` | Initial values for the alphas. These are recycled to the appropriate length.
`i0` | Initial value for alpha_0. If convergence fails, try another positive value.

### Details

There are several models that extend the ordinary Bradley Terry model to handle ties. This family function implements one of these models. It involves M competitors who either win or lose or tie against each other. (If there are no draws/ties then use `brat`). The probability that Competitor i beats Competitor j is alpha_i / (alpha_i + alpha_j + alpha_0), where all the alphas are positive. The probability that Competitor i ties with Competitor j is alpha_0 / (alpha_i + alpha_j + alpha_0). Loosely, the alphas can be thought of as the competitors' ‘abilities’, and alpha_0 is an added parameter to model ties. For identifiability, one of the alpha_i is set to a known value `refvalue`, e.g., 1. By default, this function chooses the last competitor to have this reference value. The data can be represented in the form of a M by M matrix of counts, where winners are the rows and losers are the columns. However, this is not the way the data should be inputted (see below).

Excluding the reference value/group, this function chooses log(alpha_j) as the first M-1 linear predictors. The log link ensures that the alphas are positive. The last linear predictor is log(alpha_0).

The Bradley Terry model can be fitted with covariates, e.g., a home advantage variable, but unfortunately, this lies outside the VGLM theoretical framework and therefore cannot be handled with this code.

### Value

An object of class `"vglmff"` (see `vglmff-class`). The object is used by modelling functions such as `vglm`.

### Note

The function `Brat` is useful for coercing a M by M matrix of counts into a one-row matrix suitable for `bratt`. Diagonal elements are skipped, and the usual S order of `c(a.matrix)` of elements is used. There should be no missing values apart from the diagonal elements of the square matrix. The matrix should have winners as the rows, and losers as the columns. In general, the response should be a matrix with M(M-1) columns.

Also, a symmetric matrix of ties should be passed into `Brat`. The diagonal of this matrix should be all `NA`s.

Only an intercept model is recommended with `bratt`. It doesn't make sense really to include covariates because of the limited VGLM framework.

Notationally, note that the VGAM family function `brat` has M+1 contestants, while `bratt` has M contestants.

### Author(s)

T. W. Yee

### References

Torsney, B. (2004) Fitting Bradley Terry models using a multiplicative algorithm. In: Antoch, J. (ed.) Proceedings in Computational Statistics COMPSTAT 2004, Physica-Verlag: Heidelberg. Pages 513–526.

### See Also

`brat`, `Brat`, `binomialff`.

### Examples

    # citation statistics: being cited is a 'win'; citing is a 'loss'
    journal <- c("Biometrika", "Comm.Statist", "JASA", "JRSS-B")
    mat <- matrix(c( NA, 33, 320, 284,
                    730, NA, 813, 276,
                    498, 68,  NA, 325,
                    221, 17, 142,  NA), 4, 4)
    dimnames(mat) <- list(winner = journal, loser = journal)

    # Add some ties. This is fictitional data.
    ties <- 5 + 0 * mat
    ties[2, 1] <- ties[1,2] <- 9

    # Now fit the model
    fit <- vglm(Brat(mat, ties) ~ 1, bratt(refgp = 1), trace = TRUE)
    fit <- vglm(Brat(mat, ties) ~ 1, bratt(refgp = 1), trace = TRUE, crit = "coef")

    summary(fit)
    c(0, coef(fit))  # Log-abilities (in order of "journal"); last is log(alpha0)
    c(1, Coef(fit))  #     Abilities (in order of "journal"); last is alpha0

    fit@misc$alpha   # alpha_1,...,alpha_M
    fit@misc$alpha0  # alpha_0

    fitted(fit)  # Probabilities of winning and tying, in awkward form
    predict(fit)
    (check <- InverseBrat(fitted(fit)))    # Probabilities of winning
    qprob <- attr(fitted(fit), "probtie")  # Probabilities of a tie
    qprobmat <- InverseBrat(c(qprob), NCo = nrow(ties))  # Probabilities of a tie
    check + t(check) + qprobmat  # Should be 1s in the off-diagonals

[Package VGAM version 1.1-1 Index]